Interconnect Structure and Methods of Forming

ABSTRACT

An interconnect structure and a method of forming are provided. The method includes forming an opening in a dielectric layer and an etch stop layer, wherein the opening extends only partially through the etch stop layer. The method also includes creating a vacuum environment around the device. After creating the vacuum environment around the device, the method includes etching through the etch stop layer to extend the opening and expose a first conductive feature. The method also includes forming a second conductive feature in the opening.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/527,557, filed Jun. 30, 2017, the entirety of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND

In the current process of miniaturizing semiconductor devices, low-kdielectric materials are desired as the inter-metal and/or inter-layerdielectric between conductive interconnects in order to reduce theresistive-capacitive (RC) delay in signal propagation due to capacitiveeffects. As such, the lower the dielectric layer constant of thedielectric, the lower the parasitic capacitance of adjacent conductivelines and the lower the RC delay of the integrated circuit (IC).

However, the materials that are currently being considered or used aslow-k dielectric materials are not ideal. In particular, in choosing amaterial based upon its k-value, and particularly based upon its low-kvalue, other characteristics, such as the hardness of the material orits strength, may not be ideal for use in a semiconductor manufacturingprocess. As such, improvements in processes that utilize low-kdielectric materials are desired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the followingdetailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It isnoted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry,various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of thevarious features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity ofdiscussion.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a fin field effect transistor (“finFET”)in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 2-6 are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages in themanufacture of a finFET device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages inthe manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages inthe manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages inthe manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 15C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 19A, 19B, and 19C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 20A, 20B, and 20C are cross-sectional views of a finFET device in aprocess chamber in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 21A, 21B, and 21C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 22A, 22B, and 22C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 23A, 23B, and 23C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 24A, 24B, and 24C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 25A, 25B, and 25C, are cross-sectional views of intermediatestages in the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 27A, 27B, and 27C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 28A, 28B, and 28C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 29A, 29B, and 29C, are cross-sectional views of intermediatestages in the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 30A, 30B, and 30C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 31A, 31B, and 31C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of a finFET device in a processchamber in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 33A, 33B, and 33C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 34A, 34B, and 34C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 35A, 35B, and 35C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 36A, 36B, and 36C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 37A, 37B, and 37C are cross-sectional views of intermediate stagesin the manufacture of a finFET device in accordance with someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, orexamples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specificexamples of components and arrangements are described below to simplifythe present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and arenot intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a firstfeature over or on a second feature in the description that follows mayinclude embodiments in which the first and second features are formed indirect contact, and may also include embodiments in which additionalfeatures may be formed between the first and second features, such thatthe first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition,the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters inthe various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicityand clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between thevarious embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degreesor at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors usedherein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

Interconnect structures and methods of forming the same are provided inaccordance with various embodiments. Intermediate stages of forminginterconnect structures are illustrated. Some embodiments discussedherein are discussed in the context of interconnects formed using a dualdamascene process. In other embodiments, a single damascene process maybe used. Some variations of the embodiments are discussed. One ofordinary skill in the art will readily understand other modificationsthat may be made that are contemplated within the scope of otherembodiments. Although method embodiments are discussed in a particularorder, various other method embodiments may be performed in any logicalorder and may include fewer or more steps described herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a fin field-effect transistor (finFET)30 in a three-dimensional view. FinFET 30 comprises fin 36 on substrate32. Isolation regions 34 are over substrate 32, and fin 36 protrudesabove and from between neighboring isolation regions 34. A gatedielectric 38 is along sidewalls and over a top surface of fin 36, andgate electrode 40 is over the gate dielectric 38. Source/drain regions42 and 44 are disposed in opposite sides of fin 36 with respect to gatedielectric 38 and gate electrode 40. FIG. 1 further illustratesreference cross-sections that are used in later figures. Cross-sectionA-A is across a channel, gate dielectric 38, and gate electrode 40 ofthe finFET 30. Cross-section B/C-B/C is perpendicular to cross-sectionA-A and is along a longitudinal axis of the fin 36 and in a directionof, for example, a current flow between the source/drain regions 42 and44. Subsequent figures refer to these reference cross-sections forclarity.

Some embodiments discussed herein are discussed in the context offinFETs formed using a gate-last process. In other embodiments, agate-first process may be used. Also, some embodiments contemplateaspects used in planar devices, such as planar FETs.

FIGS. 2 through 31C, and 33A through 37C, are cross-sectional views ofintermediate stages in the manufacturing of finFETs in accordance withsome embodiments. FIGS. 2 through 6 illustrate reference cross-sectionA-A illustrated in FIG. 1, except for multiple finFETs. In FIGS. 7Athrough 31C, and 33A through 37C, figures ending with an “A” designationare illustrated along a similar cross-section A-A; figures ending with a“B” designation are illustrated along a similar cross-section B/C-B/Cand in a first region on a substrate; and figures ending with a “C”designation are illustrated along a similar cross-section B/C-B/C and ina second region on a substrate.

FIG. 2 illustrates a substrate 50. Substrate 50 may be a semiconductorsubstrate, such as a bulk semiconductor, a semiconductor-on-insulator(SOI) substrate, or the like, which may be doped (e.g., with a p-type oran n-type dopant) or undoped. The substrate 50 may be a wafer, such as asilicon wafer. Generally, an SOI substrate comprises a layer of asemiconductor material formed on an insulator layer. The insulator layermay be, for example, a buried oxide (BOX) layer, a silicon oxide layer,or the like. The insulator layer is provided on a substrate, typically asilicon or glass substrate. Other substrates, such as a multi-layered orgradient substrate may also be used. In some embodiments, thesemiconductor material of the substrate 50 may include silicon;germanium; a compound semiconductor including silicon carbide, galliumarsenic, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, and/orindium antimonide; an alloy semiconductor including SiGe, GaAsP, AlInAs,AlGaAs, GaInAs, GaInP, and/or GaInAsP; or combinations thereof.

Substrate 50 has a first region 50B and a second region 50C. The firstregion 50B (which corresponds to subsequent figures ending in “B”) canbe for forming n-type devices, such as NMOS transistors, such as n-typefinFETs. The second region 50C (which corresponds to subsequent figuresending in “C”) can be for forming p-type devices, such as PMOStransistors, such as p-type finFETs.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate the formation of fins 52 and isolation regions54 between neighboring fins 52. In FIG. 3, fins 52 are formed in thesubstrate 50. In some embodiments, fins 52 may be formed in thesubstrate 50 by etching trenches in the substrate 50. The etching may beany acceptable etch process, such as a reactive ion etch (RIE), neutralbeam etch (NBE), the like, or a combination thereof. The etch may beanisotropic.

In FIG. 4, an insulation material 54 is formed between neighboring fins52 to form isolation regions 54. Insulation material 54 may be an oxide,such as silicon oxide, a nitride, the like, or a combination thereof,and may be formed by a high density plasma chemical vapor deposition(HDP-CVD), a flowable CVD (FCVD) (e.g., a CVD-based material depositionin a remote plasma system and post curing to make it convert to anothermaterial, such as an oxide), the like, or a combination thereof. Otherinsulation materials formed by any acceptable process may be used. Ananneal process may be performed once the insulation material is formed.In the illustrated embodiment, insulation material 54 is silicon oxideformed by a FCVD process. Insulating material 54 may be referred to asisolation regions 54. Further in FIG. 4, a planarization process, suchas a chemical mechanical polish (CMP), may remove any excess insulationmaterial 54 and form top surfaces of the isolation regions 54 and topsurfaces of fins 52 that are coplanar.

FIG. 5 illustrates the recessing of isolation regions 54 to form ShallowTrench Isolation (STI) regions 54. Isolation regions 54 are recessedsuch that fins 56 in the first region 50B and in the second region 50Cprotrude from between neighboring isolation regions 54. Further, the topsurfaces of isolation regions 54 may have a flat surface as illustrated,a convex surface, a concave surface (such as dishing), or a combinationthereof. The top surfaces of isolation regions 54 may be formed flat,convex, and/or concave by an appropriate etch. Isolation regions 54 maybe recessed using an acceptable etching process, such as one that isselective to the material of isolation regions 54. For example, achemical oxide removal using a CERTAS® etch or an Applied MaterialsSICONI tool or dilute hydrofluoric (dHF) acid may be used.

A person having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand thatthe process described with respect to FIGS. 2 through 5 is just oneexample of how fins 56 may be formed. In other embodiments, a dielectriclayer can be formed over a top surface of the substrate 50; trenches canbe etched through the dielectric layer; homoepitaxial structures can beepitaxially grown in the trenches; and the dielectric layer can berecessed such that the homoepitaxial structures protrude from thedielectric layer to form fins. In still other embodiments,heteroepitaxial structures can be used for the fins. For example,semiconductor strips 52 in FIG. 4 can be recessed, and a materialdifferent from semiconductor strips 52 may be epitaxially grown in theirplace. In an even further embodiment, a dielectric layer can be formedover a top surface of substrate 50; trenches can be etched through thedielectric layer; heteroepitaxial structures can be epitaxially grown inthe trenches using a material different from substrate 50; and thedielectric layer can be recessed such that the heteroepitaxialstructures protrude from the dielectric layer to form fins 56. In someembodiments where homoepitaxial or heteroepitaxial structures areepitaxially grown, the grown materials may be in situ doped duringgrowth, which may obviate prior and subsequent implantations although insitu and implantation doping may be used together. Still further, it maybe advantageous to epitaxially grow a material in an NMOS regiondifferent from the material in a PMOS region. In various embodiments,fins 56 may comprise silicon germanium (Si_(x)Ge_(1-x), where x can bebetween approximately 0 and 1), silicon carbide, pure or substantiallypure germanium, a III-V compound semiconductor, a II-VI compoundsemiconductor, or the like. For example, the available materials forforming III-V compound semiconductor include, but are not limited to,InAs, AlAs, GaAs, InP, GaN, InGaAs, InAlAs, GaSb, AlSb, AlP, GaP, andthe like.

In FIG. 5, appropriate wells may be formed in fins 56, fins 52, and/orsubstrate 50. For example, a P well may be formed in the first region50B, and an N well may be formed in the second region 50C.

The different implant steps for the different regions 50B and 50C may beachieved using a photoresist or other masks (not shown). For example, aphotoresist is formed over fins 56 and isolation regions 54 in the firstregion 50B. The photoresist is patterned to expose second region 50C ofthe substrate 50, such as a PMOS region. The photoresist can be formedby using a spin-on technique and can be patterned using acceptablephotolithography techniques. Once the photoresist is patterned, ann-type impurity implant is performed in second region 50C, and thephotoresist may act as a mask to substantially prevent n-type impuritiesfrom being implanted into first region 50B, such as an NMOS region. Then-type impurities may be phosphorus, arsenic, or the like implanted inthe first region to a concentration of equal to or less than 10¹⁸ cm⁻³,such as in a range from about 10¹⁷ cm⁻³to about 10¹⁸ cm⁻³. After theimplant, the photoresist is removed, such as by an acceptable ashingprocess.

Following the implanting of second region 50C, a photoresist is formedover fins 56 and isolation regions 54 in the second region 50C. Thephotoresist is patterned to expose first region 50B of substrate 50,such as the NMOS region. The photoresist can be formed by using aspin-on technique and can be patterned using acceptable photolithographytechniques. Once the photoresist is patterned, a p-type impurity implantmay be performed in first region 50B, and the photoresist may act as amask to substantially prevent p-type impurities from being implantedinto the second region, such as the PMOS region. The p-type impuritiesmay be boron, BF₂, or the like implanted in the first region to aconcentration of equal to or less than 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, such as in a rangefrom about 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ to about 10¹⁸ cm⁻³. After the implant, thephotoresist may be removed, such as by an acceptable ashing process.

After the implants of first region 50B and second region 50C, an annealprocess may be performed to activate the p-type and n-type impuritiesthat were implanted. The implantations may form a p-well in first region50B, e.g., the NMOS region, and an n-well in second region 50C, e.g.,the PMOS region. In some embodiments, the grown materials of epitaxialfins may be in situ doped during growth, which may obviate theimplantations, although in situ and implantation doping may be usedtogether.

In FIG. 6, dummy dielectric layer 58 is formed on the fins 56. Dummydielectric layer 58 may be, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride,a combination thereof, or the like, and may be deposited or thermallygrown according to acceptable techniques. Dummy gate layer 60 is formedover dummy dielectric layer 58, and mask layer 62 is formed over dummygate layer 60. Dummy gate layer 60 may be deposited over dummydielectric layer 58 and then planarized, such as by a CMP. Mask layer 62may be deposited over dummy gate layer 60. Dummy gate layer 60 may bemade of, for example, polysilicon, although other materials that have ahigh etching selectivity from the etching of isolation regions 54 mayalso be used. Mask layer 62 may include, for example, silicon nitride orthe like. In this example, a single dummy gate layer 60 and a singlemask layer 62 are formed across first region 50B and second region 50C.In other embodiments, separate dummy gate layers may be formed in firstregion 50B and second region 50C, and separate mask layers may be formedin first region 50B and second region 50C.

In FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C, mask layer 62 may be patterned using acceptablephotolithography and etching techniques to form masks 72 in the firstregion 50B (as illustrated in FIG. 7B) and masks 78 in the second region50C (as illustrated in FIG. 7C). The pattern of masks 72 and 78 then maybe transferred to the dummy gate layer 60 and dummy dielectric layer 58by an acceptable etching technique to form dummy gates 70 in firstregion 50B and dummy gates 76 in second region 50C. Dummy gates 70 and76 cover respective channel regions of the fins 56. Dummy gates 70 and76 may also have a lengthwise direction substantially perpendicular tothe lengthwise direction of respective epitaxial fins.

In FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C, gate seal spacers 80 can be formed on exposedsurfaces of respective dummy gates 70 and 76 and/or fins 56. A thermaloxidation or a deposition followed by an anisotropic etch may form thegate seal spacers 80.

After the formation of the gate seal spacers 80, implants for lightlydoped source/drain (LDD) regions may be performed. Similar to theimplants discussed above in FIG. 5, a mask, such as a photoresist, maybe formed over first region 50B, e.g., NMOS region, while exposing thesecond region 50C, e.g., PMOS region, and p-type impurities may beimplanted into the exposed fins 56 in the second region 50C. The maskmay then be removed. Subsequently, a mask, such as a photoresist, may beformed over second region 50C while exposing first region 50B, andn-type impurities may be implanted into the exposed fins 56 in firstregion 50B. The mask may then be removed. The n-type impurities may bethe any of the n-type impurities previously discussed, and the p-typeimpurities may be the any of the p-type impurities previously discussed.The lightly doped source/drain regions may have a concentration ofimpurities of from about 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ to about 10¹⁶ cm⁻³. An anneal may beused to activate the implanted impurities.

Further in FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C, epitaxial source/drain regions 82 and84 are formed in fins 56. In first region 50B, epitaxial source/drainregions 82 are formed in fins 56 such that each dummy gate 70 isdisposed between respective neighboring pairs of epitaxial source/drainregions 82. In some embodiments, epitaxial source/drain regions 82 mayextend into fins 52. In second region 50C, epitaxial source/drainregions 84 are formed in fins 56 such that each dummy gate 76 isdisposed between respective neighboring pairs of epitaxial source/drainregions 84. In some embodiments, epitaxial source/drain regions 84 mayextend into the fins 52.

Epitaxial source/drain regions 82 in first region 50B, e.g., the NMOSregion, may be formed by masking the second region 50C, e.g., the PMOSregion, and conformally depositing a dummy spacer layer in first region50B followed by an anisotropic etch to form dummy gate spacers (notshown) along sidewalls of the dummy gates 70 and/or gate seal spacers 80in the first region 50B. Then, source/drain regions of the epitaxialfins in first region 50B are etched to form recesses. Epitaxialsource/drain regions 82 in first region 50B are epitaxially grown in therecesses. Epitaxial source/drain regions 82 may include any acceptablematerial, such as appropriate for n-type finFETs. For example, if fin 56is silicon, epitaxial source/drain regions 82 may include silicon, SiC,SiCP, SiP, or the like. Epitaxial source/drain regions 82 may havesurfaces raised from respective surfaces of fins 56 and may have facets.Subsequently, the dummy gate spacers in first region 50B are removed,for example, by an etch, as is the mask on second region 50C.

Epitaxial source/drain regions 84 in the second region 50C, e.g., thePMOS region, may be formed by masking first region 50B, e.g., the NMOSregion, and conformally depositing a dummy spacer layer in second region50C followed by an anisotropic etch to form dummy gate spacers (notshown) along sidewalls of dummy gates 76 and/or gate seal spacers 80 insecond region 50C. Then, source/drain regions of the epitaxial fins insecond region 50C are etched to form recesses. Epitaxial source/drainregions 84 in second region 50C are epitaxially grown in the recesses.Epitaxial source/drain regions 84 may include any acceptable material,such as appropriate for p-type finFETs. For example, if fin 56 issilicon, epitaxial source/drain regions 84 may comprise SiGe, SiGeB, Ge,GeSn, or the like. Epitaxial source/drain regions 84 may have surfacesraised from respective surfaces of fins 56 and may have facets.Subsequently, the dummy gate spacers in second region 50C are removed,for example, by an etch, as is the mask on first region 50B.

In FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C, gate spacers 86 are formed on gate seal spacers80 along sidewalls of the dummy gates 70 and 76. Gate spacers 86 may beformed by conformally depositing a material and subsequentlyanisotropically etching the material. The material of gate spacers 86may be silicon nitride, SiCN, a combination thereof, or the like.

Epitaxial source/drain regions 82 and 84 and/or epitaxial fins may beimplanted with dopants to form source/drain regions, similar to theprocess previously discussed for forming lightly doped source/drainregions, followed by an anneal. The source/drain regions may have animpurity concentration of in a range from about 10¹⁹ cm⁻³ to about 10²¹cm⁻³. The n-type impurities for source/drain regions in first region50B, e.g., the NMOS region, may be any of the n-type impuritiespreviously discussed, and the p-type impurities for source/drain regionsin second region 50C, e.g., the PMOS region, may be any of the p-typeimpurities previously discussed. In other embodiments, epitaxialsource/drain regions 82 and 84 may be in situ doped during growth.

In FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C, ILD 88 is deposited over the structureillustrated in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C. In an embodiment, ILD 88 is aflowable film formed by a flowable CVD. In some embodiments, ILD 88 isformed of a dielectric material such as Phospho-Silicate Glass (PSG),Boro-Silicate Glass (BSG), Boron-Doped Phospho-Silicate Glass (BPSG),undoped Silicate Glass (USG), or the like, and may be deposited by anysuitable method, such as CVD, or PECVD.

In FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C, a planarization process, such as a CMP, maybe performed to level the top surface of ILD 88 with the top surfaces ofthe dummy gates 70 and 76. The CMP may also remove masks 72 and 78 ondummy gates 70 and 76. Accordingly, top surfaces of dummy gates 70 and76 are exposed through ILD 88.

In FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C, dummy gates 70 and 76, gate seal spacers 80,and portions of dummy dielectric layer 58 directly underlying dummygates 70 and 76 are removed in an etching step(s), so that recesses 90are formed. Each recess 90 exposes a channel region of a respective fin56. Each channel region is disposed between neighboring pairs ofepitaxial source/drain regions 82 and 84. During the removal, dummydielectric layer 58 may be used as an etch stop layer when dummy gates70 and 76 are etched. Dummy dielectric layer 58 and gate seal spacers 80may then be removed after the removal of dummy gates 70 and 76.

In FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C, gate dielectric layers 92 and 96 and gateelectrodes 94 and 98 are formed for replacement gates. Gate dielectriclayers 92 and 96 are deposited conformally in recesses 90, such as onthe top surfaces and the sidewalls of fins 56 and on sidewalls of gatespacers 86, and on a top surface of ILD 88. In accordance with someembodiments, gate dielectric layers 92 and 96 comprise silicon oxide,silicon nitride, or multilayers thereof. In other embodiments, gatedielectric layers 92 and 96 include a high-k dielectric material, and inthese embodiments, gate dielectric layers 92 and 96 may have a k valuegreater than about 7.0, and may include a metal oxide or a silicate ofHf, Al, Zr, La, Mg, Ba, Ti, Pb, and combinations thereof. The formationmethods of gate dielectric layers 92 and 96 may include Molecular-BeamDeposition (MBD), Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), PECVD, and the like.

Next, gate electrodes 94 and 98 are deposited over gate dielectriclayers 92 and 96, respectively, and fill the remaining portions of therecesses 90. Gate electrodes 94 and 98 may be made of a metal-containingmaterial such as TiN, TaN, TaC, Co, Ru, Al, W, combinations thereof, ormulti-layers thereof. The multi-layers, if present, may include one ormore work function layers, one or more tuning layers, and/or one or morebarrier layers, a combination thereof, or the like. After the filling ofgate electrodes 94 and 98, a planarization process, such as a CMP, maybe performed to remove the excess portions of gate dielectric layers 92and 96 and the material of gate electrodes 94 and 98, which excessportions are over the top surface of ILD 88. The resulting remainingportions of material of gate electrodes 94 and 98 and gate dielectriclayers 92 and 96 thus form replacement gates of the resulting finFETs.

The formation of gate dielectric layers 92 and 96 may occursimultaneously such that gate dielectric layers 92 and 96 are made ofthe same materials, and the formation of gate electrodes 94 and 98 mayoccur simultaneously such that gate electrodes 94 and 98 are made of thesame materials. However, in other embodiments, gate dielectric layers 92and 96 may be formed by distinct processes, such that gate dielectriclayers 92 and 96 may be made of different materials, and gate electrodes94 and 98 may be formed by distinct processes, such that gate electrodes94 and 98 may be made of different materials. Various masking steps maybe used to mask and expose appropriate regions when using distinctprocesses.

In FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C, ILD 100 is deposited over ILD 88. Furtherillustrated in FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C, contacts 102 and 104 are formedthrough ILD 100 and ILD 88 and contacts 106 and 108 are formed throughILD 100. In an embodiment, ILD 100 is a flowable film formed by aflowable CVD method. In some embodiments, ILD 100 is formed of adielectric material such as PSG, BSG, BPSG, USG, or the like, and may bedeposited by any suitable method, such as CVD and PECVD. Openings forcontacts 102 and 104 are formed through ILDs 88 and 100. Openings forcontacts 106 and 108 are formed through ILD 100. These openings may allbe formed simultaneously in a same process, or in separate processes.The openings may be formed using acceptable photolithography and etchingtechniques. A liner, such as a diffusion barrier layer, an adhesionlayer, or the like, and a conductive material are formed in theopenings. The liner may include titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum,tantalum nitride, or the like. The conductive material may be copper, acopper alloy, silver, gold, tungsten, aluminum, nickel, or the like. Aplanarization process, such as a CMP, may be performed to remove excessmaterial from a surface of ILD 100. The remaining liner and conductivematerial form contacts 102 and 104 in the openings. An anneal processmay be performed to form a silicide at the interface between theepitaxial source/drain regions 82 and 84 and the contacts 102 and 104,respectively. Contacts 102 are physically and electrically coupled tothe epitaxial source/drain regions 82, contacts 104 are physically andelectrically coupled to the epitaxial source/drain regions 84, contact106 is physically and electrically coupled to gate electrode 94, andcontact 108 is physically and electrically coupled to gate electrode 98.

In FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 15C, etch stop layer 150 may be formed over ILD100 and contacts 102/104/106/108. Dielectric layer 154 may be formedover etch stop layer 150. Anti-Reflective coating Layer (ARL) 156, masklayer 157, and ARL 158 are formed over dielectric layer 154. A tri-layeris formed over layer ARL 158, which includes bottom layer 160, middlelayer 162, and upper layer 164. Each of these layers is discussed ingreater detail below.

Etch stop layer 150 may include a nitride, a silicon-carbon basedmaterial, a carbon-doped oxide, Carbon-Doped Oxide (CDO), siliconOxy-Carbide (SiOC), Oxygen-doped Silicon Carbide (ODC), or aNitrogen-Doped Silicon Carbide (NDC). Etch stop layer 150 may be asingle layer formed of a homogeneous material, or a composite layerincluding a plurality of sub-layers. In accordance with some embodimentsof the present disclosure, etch stop layer 150 includes bottom layer 151and upper layer 152 over bottom layer 151. In some embodiments, bottomlayer 151 may comprise aluminum nitride (AlN) and upper layer 152 maycomprise ODC. Etch stop layer 150 may be deposited by CVD, PVD, ALD, aspin-on-dielectric process, the like, or a combination thereof.

Dielectric layer 154 is formed over etch stop layer 150. Dielectriclayer 154 may be formed in order to help isolate contacts102/104/106/108 from each other and from other adjacent electricalrouting lines that will be formed in and over dielectric layer 154. Insome embodiments, dielectric layer 154 may be a porous material such asSiOCN, SiCN, SiOC, SiOCH, or the like and may be formed by initiallyforming a precursor layer over etch stop layer 150. The precursor layermay comprise both a matrix material and a porogen interspersed withinthe matrix material, or may alternatively comprise the matrix materialwithout the porogen. In an embodiment the precursor layer may be formed,e.g., by co-depositing the matrix and the porogen using a process suchas plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) where the matrixmaterial is deposited at the same time as the porogen, thereby formingthe precursor layer with the matrix material and the porogen mixedtogether. However, as one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize,co-deposition using a simultaneous PECVD process is not the only processthat may be used to form the precursor layer. Any suitable process, suchas premixing the matrix material and the porogen material as a liquidand then spin-coating the mixture onto etch stop layer 150, may also beutilized.

The matrix material, or base dielectric material, may be formed using aprocess such as PECVD, although any suitable process, such as a CVD,PVD, or even spin-on coating, may alternatively be utilized. The PECVDprocess may utilize precursors such as methyldiethoxy silane (DEMS),although other precursors such as other silanes, alkylsilanes (e.g.,trimethylsilane and tetramethylsilane), alkoxysilanes (e.g.,methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS),methyldimethoxysilane (MDMOS), trimethylmethoxysilane (TMMOS) anddimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMOS)), linear siloxanes and cyclic siloxanes(e.g., octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) andtetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS)), combinations of these, and thelike may alternatively be utilized. However, as one of ordinary skill inthe art will recognize, the materials and processes listed herein aremerely illustrative and are not meant to be limiting to the embodiments,as any other suitable matrix precursors may alternatively be utilized.

The porogen may be a molecule that can be removed from the matrixmaterial after the matrix material has set in order to form pores withinthe matrix and thereby reduce the overall value of the dielectricconstant of the dielectric layer 154. The porogen may be a material thatis big enough to form the pores while also remaining small enough suchthat the size of the individual pores does not overly displace thematrix material. As such, the porogen may comprise an organic moleculesuch as alpha-terpinene (ATRP) (1-Isopropyl-4-Methyl-1,3-Cyclohexadiene)or Cyclooctane (boat shape) or 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl) ethane Silicon.

After the precursor layer has been formed with the porogen dispersedwithin the matrix material, the porogen is removed from the matrixmaterial to form the pores within the matrix material. In an embodimentthe removal of the porogen is performed by an annealing process whichcan break down and vaporize the porogen material, thereby allowing theporogen material to diffuse and leave the matrix material, therebyleaving behind a structurally intact porous dielectric material as thefirst dielectric layer 16. For example, an anneal of in a range fromabout 200° C. and about 500° C., such as about 400° C., for in a rangefrom about 10 seconds to about 600 seconds, such as about 200 seconds,may be utilized.

However, as one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, the thermalprocess described above is not the only method that may be utilized toremove the porogen from the matrix material to form dielectric layer154. Other suitable processes, such as irradiating the porogen with UVradiation to decompose the porogen or utilizing microwaves to decomposethe porogen, may alternatively be utilized. These and any other suitableprocesses to remove all or a portion of the porogen are all fullyintended to be included within the scope of the embodiments.

Anti-Reflective coating Layer (ARL) 156, mask layer 157, and ARL 158 areformed over dielectric layer 154. ARL 156 may be a Nitrogen-Free ARL(NFARL), which may be formed of an oxide (free from nitrogen) inaccordance with some embodiments. For example, ARL 156 may be a siliconoxide layer formed using any suitable deposition method, such as ALD,CVD, PECVD, a combination, or the like.

Mask layer 157 is formed over ARL 156. Mask layer 157 may also referredto as hard mask layer 157 hereinafter. In accordance with someembodiments, hard mask layer 157 includes a metal(s), which may be inthe form of a metal nitride, for example, titanium nitride. Hard masklayer 157 may also be formed of a non-metal nitride such as siliconnitride, an oxynitride such as silicon oxynitride, or the like. Masklayer 157 may be formed using any suitable deposition method, such asALD, CVD, PECVD, a combination, or the like.

ARL 158 may be further formed over hard mask layer 157. ARL 158 may alsobe an NFARL, which may be formed of an oxide, such as silicon oxide, andmay be formed using PECVD. In some embodiments, ARL 158 is not formed.

FIGS. 15A-C through 22A-C illustrate the cross-sectional views ofintermediate stages in the patterning of ARL 156, ARL 158, and masklayer 157 in accordance with some embodiments. The patterning of ARL156, ARL 158, and mask layer 157 may be achieved through atwo-patterning-two-etching (2P2E) process, wherein neighboring trenchesare formed using different lithography processes, so that neighboringtrenches may be located close to each other without incurring opticalproximity effect. In other embodiments, more or less patterning and/oretching steps may be used.

For purposes of illustration, FIGS. 15A-C through 22A-C depict a 2P2Eprocess in which ARL 156, ARL 158, and mask layer 157 overlying contacts106/108 are patterned first, and ARL 156, ARL 158 and mask layer 157overlying contacts 102/104 are patterned second. In other embodiments adifferent order of patterning may be used, or different combinations ofcontacts may be patterned together, or contacts may be individuallypatterned.

FIGS. 15A-C through 18A-C illustrate the intermediate stages in afirst-photo-first-etching process for forming first trenches. Inaccordance with some embodiments, in FIGS. 15A-C a tri-layer is formedover layer ARL 158, which tri-layer includes bottom layer (alsosometimes referred to as under layer) 160, middle layer 162 over bottomlayer 160, and upper layer 164 over middle layer 162. In accordance withsome embodiments, bottom layer 160 and upper layer 164 may be formed ofphoto resists. Middle layer 162 may be formed of an inorganic material,which may be a nitride (such as silicon nitride), an oxynitride (such assilicon oxynitride), an oxide (such as silicon oxide), or the like.Middle layer 162 may have a high etching selectivity relative to upperlayer 164 and bottom layer 160. Therefore, upper layer 164 may be usedas an etching mask for patterning middle layer 162, and middle layer 162may be used as an etching mask for patterning bottom layer 160. As shownin FIGS. 15A-C, upper layer 164 is patterned to form openings 166overlying contacts 106/108, which have the patterns of metal lines thatare to be formed in dielectric layer 154.

Next, referring to FIGS. 16A-C, middle layer 162 is etched using thepatterned upper layer 164 as an etching mask, so that the pattern ofupper layer 164 is transferred to middle layer 162. After middle layer162 is etched through, bottom layer 160 is patterned as shown in FIGS.17A-C, where middle layer 162 is used as an etching mask. During thepatterning of bottom layer 160, upper layer 164 may be consumed. Middlelayer 162 may be consumed also. Middle layer 162 may be removed if ithas not been fully consumed during the patterning of bottom layer 160.

Bottom layer 160 is then used as an etching mask to etch underlying ARL158. Opening 166 therefore extends into ARL 158, with the top surface ofmask layer 157 exposed to opening 166 after the etching of ARL 158.During the patterning of ARL 158, bottom layer 160 is also consumed,although at a lower etching rate than middle layer 162 (FIGS. 16A-C) andARL 158. Hence, at the time the patterning of ARL 158 is finished, thethickness of bottom layer 160 is reduced. The resulting structure isshown in FIGS. 17A-C.

After the etching, the remaining bottom layer 160, which may comprisephoto resist, is removed. For example, bottom layer 160 may be removedin an ashing process, where oxygen is used to remove bottom layer 160 inaccordance with some embodiments. The resulting structure is shown inFIGS. 18A-C.

FIGS. 19A-C through 21A-C illustrate a second-photo-second-etchingprocess in the patterning of ARL 158 to form a second trench. Inaccordance with some embodiments, a second tri-layer is formed over ARL158, as shown in FIGS. 19A-C. The second tri-layer includes bottom layer216, middle layer 218 over bottom layer 216, and upper layer 220 overmiddle layer 218. As described above, in accordance with someembodiments, bottom layer 216 and upper layer 220 may be formed of photoresists. Middle layer 218 may be formed of an inorganic material, whichmay be a nitride (such as silicon nitride), an oxynitride (such assilicon oxynitride), an oxide (such as silicon oxide), or the like.Middle layer 218 may have a high etching selectivity with relative toupper layer 220 and bottom layer 216, and therefore upper layer 220 maybe used as an etching mask for patterning middle layer 218, and middlelayer 218 may be used as an etching mask for patterning bottom layer216. Upper layer 220 is patterned to form openings 168, which have thepattern of metal lines that are to be formed in dielectric layer 154.

As described above, middle layer 218 may be etched using the patternedupper layer 164 as an etching mask, so that the pattern of upper layer220 is transferred into middle layer 218, bottom layer 216, and theninto ARL 158. The resulting structure is shown in FIGS. 20A-C. After thepattern transfer, remaining bottom layer 216, which may comprise a photoresist, may be removed. Bottom layer 216 may be removed in an ashingprocess using oxygen in some embodiments. ARL 158 thus includes bothopenings 166 and 168, as shown in FIGS. 21A-C.

Next, as shown in FIGS. 22A-C, mask layer 157 is etched using thepatterned ARL 158 as an etching mask, so that openings 166 and 168extend into mask layer 157. ARL 156 is exposed by the etching process,and may be used as an etch stop layer in the etching of mask layer 157.Any suitable etching process may be used, such as wet etching or dryetching.

FIGS. 23A-C through 28A-C illustrate a 2P2E process for forming viapatterns. FIGS. 23A-C through 25A-C illustrate the formation of a firstvia pattern. Referring to FIG. 23A-C, a tri-layer including bottom layer210, middle layer 212, and upper layer 214 is formed. Upper layer 214 ispatterned to include openings 170, which have the patterns ofsubsequently formed vias. Next, middle layer 212, bottom layer 210, ARL156, and dielectric layer 154 are etched, and openings 170 extend intodielectric layer 154. The resulting structure is shown in FIGS. 24A-C.The bottoms of openings 170 are at an intermediate level (such as at themiddle) between a top surface and a bottom surface of dielectric layer154. For example, in some embodiments a timing parameter of the etchingprocess may be controlled so that the etching process terminates whenthe bottoms of openings 170 are at the desired intermediate level. Upperlayer 214 and middle layer 212 (shown in FIGS. 23A-C) may be consumedwhen the formation of openings 170 is finished. The remaining bottomlayer 210 is removed, for example, in an ashing process, and theresulting structure is shown in FIGS. 25A-C.

FIGS. 26A-C through 28A-C illustrate the formation of a second viapattern. Referring to FIGS. 26A-C, a tri-layer including bottom layer222, middle layer 224, and upper layer 226 is formed. Bottom layer 222extends into openings 170 (FIGS. 25A-C) in dielectric layer 154. Upperlayer 226 is patterned and includes openings 172, which have the patternof subsequently formed vias. Next, middle layer 224, bottom layer 222,ARL 156, and dielectric layer 154 are etched, and openings 172 extendinto dielectric layer 154. The resulting structure is shown in FIGS.27A-C. The bottoms of openings 172 are also at an intermediate level(such as at the middle) between a top surface and a bottom surface ofdielectric layer 154. In some embodiments, a timing parameter of theetching process may be controlled so that the etching process terminateswhen the bottoms of openings 172 are at the desired intermediate level.The upper layer 226 and middle layer 224 (shown in FIGS. 26A-C) may beconsumed when the formation of openings 172 is finished. The remainingbottom layer 222 is removed, for example, in an ashing process. Theresulting structure is depicted in FIGS. 28A-C.

Next, as shown in FIGS. 29A-C, an etching process, such as ananisotropic etching process, is performed to etch dielectric layer 154.Mask layer 157 is used as the etching mask. Trenches 174 are formed bythe etching process. The etching may be performed using afluorine-containing gas comprising fluorine and carbon, wherein fluorineis used for etching, with carbon having the effect of protecting thesidewalls of the resulting via openings 176 and trenches 174. Forexample, the process gases for the etching may include C₄F₈ and/or CF₄.During the etching, openings 170 and 172 are extended down to the bottomof dielectric layer 154, forming via openings, which are also denoted inFIGS. 29A-C using reference numeral 176. Etch stop layer 152 is exposedto via openings 176. After the etching process, trenches 174 havebottoms at an intermediate level between the top surface and the bottomsurface of dielectric layer 154.

Next, etch stop layer 152 is etched. After the etching process, viaopenings 176 extend into etch stop layer 152. In accordance with someembodiments, etch stop layer 152 is etched partially. The remainingportions of etch stop layer 152 and etch stop layer 151 may protect theunderlying contacts 102, 104, 106 and 108 from damage during subsequentprocessing, such as the removal of mask layer 157 (see FIGS. 30A-C). Theresulting structure is shown in FIGS. 29A-C.

Next, as shown in FIGS. 30A-C, mask layer 157 is removed. Mask layer 157may be removed using any suitable process. In some embodiments, masklayer 157 may be removed by a wet etching process. The remainingportions of etch stop layer 152 and etch stop layer 151 may protect theunderlying contacts 102, 104, 106 and 108 from damage during the wetetching. The resulting structure is shown in FIGS. 30A-C.

Next, referring to FIGS. 31A-C, one or more additional etch processesare performed to further expand via openings 176. The additional etchprocesses may etch through etch stop layer 152 and partially etchthrough etch stop layer 151. Any suitable etching processes may be used.In some embodiments, the additional etch process may comprise a dryetching process followed by a wet cleaning process.

As shown in FIGS. 31A-C, etch stop layer 151, being only partiallyetched, prevents contacts 102, 104, 106, and 108 from being exposed toair by via openings 176. If via openings 176 are expanded and etch stoplayer 151 is etched through, contacts 102, 104, 106, and 108 may beexposed to open air. When contacts 102, 104, 106, and 108 are exposed toair, oxidation of the contacts 102, 104, 106, and 108 may occur. Forexample, contacts 102, 104, 106, and/or 108 may comprise copper, and,when the copper is exposed to air, oxidation may occur, creating copperoxide. In this manner, damage may be caused to the contacts, which mayreduce reliability of the contacts and/or decrease manufacturing yields.

Conventionally, a furnace baking may performed to remove oxidation frommetal interconnect lines that are exposed to air. The elevatedtemperature of the furnace baking causes the copper oxide on the metalto be reduced to copper, while the oxygen in the copper oxide reactswith hydrogen to form water. Typically, the furnace baking may last twohours or even longer. Next, in conventional processing the wafercontaining the finFET device is transferred to a vacuum environment toform a barrier layer and a copper seed layer. However, during thetransferring, the wafer is exposed to open air, and hence a thin copperoxide layer is formed again on any exposed portions of contacts 102,104, 106, and/or 108. Therefore, in the vacuum environment, anadditional removal process is performed to remove the thin copper oxidelayer. The removal of the thin copper oxide layer may include a degasprocess (at an elevated temperature with no hydrogen introduced) toremove moisture. However, with a long furnace baking time and theadditional copper oxide removal process in the vacuum environment, thethroughput of the manufacturing process is adversely affected. Thecopper oxide removal processes also result in increased in manufacturingcosts.

In some embodiments, a portion 180 of etch stop layer 151 is left over102, 104, 106, and/or 108 until the wafer on which the finFET device isbeing formed is transferred to the vacuum environment. As such, portion180 may prevent oxidation of the contacts 102, 104, 106, and/or 108 byprotecting the contacts from being exposed to air until the wafer onwhich the finFET device is being formed is transferred to the vacuumchamber. As shown in FIGS. 31A-C, the etching process may be terminatedbefore etch stop layer 151 is etched through, and after the etchingprocess, portion 180 of etch stop layer 151 remains. Portion 180 remainsover contacts 102, 104, 106, and/or 108 until the wafer on which thefinFET device is being formed is transferred to the vacuum chamber inwhich a conductive element will be formed in via openings 176. As willbe discussed below in connection with FIGS. 32 and 33A-C, after thewafer is transferred to the vacuum chamber, portions 180 will be removedso that subsequently formed conductive features in via openings 176 canelectrically connect to contacts 102, 104, 106, and/or 108. However, bynot etching through portion 180 until the wafer is transferred to thevacuum chamber, oxidation of contacts 102/104/106/108 may be reduced orprevented, and in some embodiments the furnace baking steps and/or degasprocess may be shortened or skipped. As such, manufacturing times andmanufacturing costs may be reduced, and greater manufacturing yields maybe possible.

As shown in FIGS. 31A-C, portion 180 may have a thickness T1 of about0.1 Å to about 5 Å. When portion 180 has a thickness T1 of about 0.1 Åor more, portion 180 may prevent or reduce oxidation of contacts 102,104, 106, 108 by preventing the contacts 102, 104, 106, 108 from beingexposed to air. For example, when portion 180 has a thickness T1 ofabout 0.1 Å or more, portion 180 may prevent contacts 102, 104, 106, 108from being oxidized due to exposure to open air during the transfer ofthe wafer into the vacuum chamber. When portion 180 has a thickness ofabout 5 Å or less, portion 180 may be effectively removed in the vacuumchamber, as will be discussed below in connection with FIGS. 32 and33A-C.

Next, referring to FIG. 32, the wafer on which finFET device 30 is beingformed is transferred to process chamber 202. FinFET device 30 may besupported by wafer chuck 204 during processing in chamber 202. Chamber202 may include process equipment 206, which may comprise equipment forcreating a vacuum environment in process chamber 202, equipment foretching portion 180, and equipment for forming a barrier layer 182 (seeFIGS. 34A-C) and a seed layer 183 (see FIGS. 35A-C) in trenches 174 andvia openings 176,

FIGS. 33A-C through 35A-C depict processes that are performed on finFETdevice 30 in process chamber 202 (depicted in FIG. 32) after a vacuumenvironment is created in process chamber 202. In FIGS. 33A-C apre-clean process is performed, in which portions 180 are removed. Next,in FIGS. 34A-C, a barrier layer 182 is formed. In FIGS. 35A-C, a seedlayer 183 is formed.

In FIGS. 33A-C, a pre-clean process is performed to remove portions 180.A process gas is introduced into the chamber 202, which is used to etchportions 180 and expose contacts 102/104/106/108. In some embodiments,the process gas is a precursor gas that is subsequently used to depositbarrier layer 182 (See FIGS. 34A-C). The process gas may includeC_(x)F_(y), such as CF₄ gas, C₄F₈ gas, or the like. The chamber 202 mayhave a low pressure during the preclean process. For example, thepressure in the chamber 202 may be less than about 40 mTorr. Becauseportion 180 is etched by the pre-clean process in a vacuum environmentin process chamber 202 (see FIG. 32), contacts 102/104/106/108 are notexposed to open air, and oxidation of the contacts 102/104/106/108 maybe reduced or prevented.

In FIGS. 34A-C, barrier layer 182 is formed. Barrier layer 182 is formedin process chamber 202 in the vacuum environment. Barrier layer 182 maycomprise a conductive material such as titanium nitride, although othermaterials, such as tantalum nitride, titanium, a dielectric, or the likemay alternatively be utilized. Barrier layer 182 may be formed using aCVD process, such as PVD or PECVD. As described above, in someembodiments barrier layer 182 is formed using PVD with Ta and N₂ asprecursors, which deposits TaN. In some embodiments, the etching processgas that is used to etch portions 180 from vias 176, and expose contacts102, 104. 106, and/or 108, may be introduced to the process chamber 202before the precursors used to form the barrier layer 182 is introduced.In some embodiments, the etching process gas is introduced to theprocess chamber 202 concurrently with the precursors used to formbarrier layer 182. In some embodiments, barrier layer 182 is formed tohave a thickness in a range from about 10 Å to about 1000 Å. However,other processes, such as sputtering or metal organic chemical vapordeposition (MOCVD), may be used. Barrier layer 182 is formed so as tocontour to the underlying shape of trenches 174 and vias 176.

In FIGS. 35A-C, seed layer 183 is formed. Seed layer 183 is formed inprocess chamber 202 in the vacuum environment. In some embodiments, seedlayer 183 may comprise copper, although other suitable materials may beused. Seed layer 183 may be formed by a deposition process, such as ALD,PVD, PECVD, or the like. A plasma argon treatment may be performed onthe seed layer 183. In some embodiments, performing a plasma argontreatment on the seed layer 183 may prevent the seed layer 183 fromoxidizing upon being exposed to ambient air. For example, in someembodiments a plasma argon treatment being performed on the seed layer183 may enable the seed layer 183 to be exposed to ambient air for up toabout six hours without the seed layer 183 experiencing significantoxidation.

Next, referring to FIGS. 36A-C, the wafer on which the finFET device 30is being formed is removed from process chamber 202, and the remainingportions of trenches 174 and vias 176 are filled with conductivematerial 184. Conductive material 184 may comprise copper, althoughother suitable materials such as aluminum, alloys, doped polysilicon,combinations thereof, and the like, may alternatively be utilized.Conductive material 184 may be formed by electroplating copper onto seedlayer 183, filling and overfilling the openings trenches 174. As shownin FIGS. 36A-C, in some embodiments there is no distinguishableinterface between seed layer 183 (shown in FIGS. 35A-C) and conductivematerial 184. In other embodiments, a distinguishable interface exists.

Once the trenches 174 have been filled, excess barrier layer 182 andexcess conductive material 184 outside of the trenches 174 is removed,forming conductive features 186. Any remaining portions of ARL 156 maybe removed as well. In some embodiments, the removal of excess barrierlayer 182, excess conductive material 184, and remaining portions of ARL156 is by a grinding process such as chemical mechanical polishing(CMP), although any suitable removal process may be used. The resultingstructure is depicted in FIGS. 37A-C.

In subsequent processing, additional dielectric layers and conductivefeatures may be formed over dielectric layer 154 and conductive features186, thereby forming an interconnect region for the finFET device.Conductive features 186, and subsequently formed conductive features(not shown), may extend in any direction according to a particulardesign. Accordingly, the interconnect region may enable a pin out forthe completed package that is different than the pattern of contacts102, 104, 106, and 108, thereby allowing for more flexibility in theplacement of external connectors (not shown) that may be formed over theinterconnect region to connect the finFET device to other packages orcomponents.

FIGS. 15A-C through 37A-C depict embodiments in which conductivefeatures 186 are formed directly over and contacting contacts102/104/106/108. In other embodiments, conductive features 186 areformed at higher levels in the interconnect. For example, conductivefeatures 186 may be formed at metal levels 5, 6,etc.

FIGS. 1 through 36A-C depict embodiments in which conductive features186 are formed over finFET 30. In other embodiments, conductive features186 are formed over other types of transistors, such as planar FETs.

As described herein, a conductive feature is formed in a vacuumenvironment in a process chamber. A via opening is etched partiallythrough an etch stop layer overlying a contact to which the conductivefeature will be electrically connected. A portion of the etch stop layeris left un-etched until the wafer on which the device is being formed istransferred into the process chamber and the vacuum environment iscreated in the chamber. After the vacuum environment is created, aprocess gas is used to etch through the portion of the etch stop layerand expose the underlying contact. A conductive element is subsequentlyformed in the opening. Because the underlying contact is not exposed toopen air during the formation of the conductive element, oxidation ofthe underlying contact may be prevented or reduced. A baking processstep and a degas step may be skipped, and manufacturing costs andprocess times may be reduced. Manufacturing yields may increase.

A method of forming a device is provided in accordance with someembodiments. The method includes forming an opening in a dielectriclayer and an etch stop layer, where the opening extends only partiallythrough the etch stop layer. The method also includes creating a vacuumenvironment around the device. The method also includes, after creatingthe vacuum environment around the device, etching through the etch stoplayer to extend the opening and expose a first conductive feature. Themethod also includes forming a second conductive feature in the opening.In an embodiment a portion of the etch stop layer remains over the firstconductive feature after the opening is formed, the portion having athickness in a range of about 0.1 Å to about 5 Å. In an embodiments,forming the second conductive feature comprises: forming a barrier layerin the opening; forming a seed layer over the barrier layer; andelectroplating a conductive material over the seed layer. In anembodiment the opening in the dielectric layer is formed in an open airenvironment, and the vacuum environment is maintained during the formingof the barrier layer and the seed layer. In an embodiment a process gasis used to etch through the etch stop layer to extend the opening andexpose the first conductive feature, the process gas comprising carbonand fluorine. In an embodiment forming the second conductive feature inthe opening comprises forming a barrier layer, and the process gas isapplied to the opening concurrently with another gas that is used as aprecursor in the forming of the barrier layer. In an embodiment formingthe opening comprises forming a bottom portion and an upper portion, andwherein the upper portion is larger than the bottom portion in a planview. In an embodiment the etch stop layer comprises a first etch stoplayer and a second etch stop layer, and the opening extends through thefirst etch stop layer before the vacuum environment is created. In anembodiment forming the opening in the dielectric layer and the etch stoplayer comprises: forming a first opening in the dielectric layer in afirst photo resist patterning process; forming a second opening in thedielectric layer using a second photo resist patterning process; andextending the first opening and the second opening in an etchingprocess.

A method of forming a device is provided in accordance with someembodiments. The method includes forming an etch stop layer over a firstconductive feature, and forming a dielectric layer over the etch stoplayer. The method also includes forming an opening in the dielectriclayer and the etch stop layer, a bottom surface of the opening beingdisposed between a top surface and a bottom surface of the etch stoplayer. The method also includes etching through the etch stop layer toextend the opening and expose the first conductive feature, the firstconductive feature being exposed in a vacuum environment. The methodalso includes forming a second conductive feature in the opening. In anembodiment the etch stop layer comprises a bottom layer and an upperlayer, the bottom surface of the opening being disposed in the bottomlayer of the etch stop layer after the opening is formed. In anembodiment the bottom layer comprises aluminum nitride. In an embodimentforming the second conductive feature comprises: forming a barrier layerin the vacuum environment; forming a seed layer over the barrier layerin the vacuum environment; forming conductive material over the seedlayer; and planarizing a top surface of the conductive material. In anembodiment, after the forming of the opening in the dielectric layer, adistance from the bottom surface of the opening and the bottom surfaceof the etch stop layer is in a range of about 0.1 Å to about 5 Å. In anembodiment the opening comprises a thicker portion and a thinner portionin a plan view, and the thinner portion extends in the etch stop layer.In an embodiment the first conductive feature comprises copper.

A method of forming a device is provided in accordance with someembodiments. The method includes forming a first etch stop layer over afirst conductive feature. The method also includes forming a second etchstop layer over the first etch stop layer. The method also includesforming a dielectric layer over the second etch stop layer. The methodalso includes forming an opening in the dielectric layer and the secondetch stop layer, and partially etching the first etch stop layer toextend the opening, where after the partial etching of the first etchstop layer a portion of the first etch stop layer covers the firstconductive feature underlying the opening. The method also includescreating a vacuum environment in the opening, and etching through theportion of the first etch stop layer to extend the opening an expose thefirst conductive feature through the opening. In an embodiment themethod further includes forming a barrier layer in the opening, whereina process gas that is used to etch through the portion of the first etchstop layer is introduced to the opening concurrently with a precursorthat is used to form the barrier layer. In an embodiment the methodfurther includes forming a seed layer over the barrier layer; performinga plasma argon treatment on the seed layer; removing the vacuumenvironment from the opening; and performing an electroplating processto form conductive material over the seed layer. In an embodiment theportion of the first etch stop layer has a thickness in a range of about0.1 Å to about 5 Å.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a device, comprising: formingan opening in a dielectric layer and an etch stop layer, wherein theopening extends only partially through the etch stop layer; creating avacuum environment around the device; after creating the vacuumenvironment around the device, etching through the etch stop layer toextend the opening and expose a first conductive feature; and forming asecond conductive feature in the opening.
 2. The method according toclaim 1, wherein a portion of the etch stop layer remains over the firstconductive feature after the opening is formed, the portion having athickness in a range of about 0.1 Å to about 5 Å.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein forming the second conductive featurecomprises: forming a barrier layer in the opening; forming a seed layerover the barrier layer; and electroplating a conductive material overthe seed layer.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the openingin the dielectric layer is formed in an open air environment, andwherein the vacuum environment is maintained during the forming of thebarrier layer and the seed layer.
 5. The method according to claim 1,wherein a process gas is used to etch through the etch stop layer toextend the opening and expose the first conductive feature, the processgas comprising carbon and fluorine.
 6. The method according to claim 5,wherein forming the second conductive feature in the opening comprisesforming a barrier layer, and wherein the process gas is applied to theopening concurrently with another gas that is used as a precursor in theforming of the barrier layer.
 7. The method according to claim 1,wherein forming the opening comprises forming a bottom portion and anupper portion, and wherein the upper portion is larger than the bottomportion in a plan view.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein theetch stop layer comprises a first etch stop layer and a second etch stoplayer, and wherein the opening extends through the first etch stop layerbefore the vacuum environment is created.
 9. The method according toclaim 1, wherein forming the opening in the dielectric layer and theetch stop layer comprises: forming a first opening in the dielectriclayer in a first photo resist patterning process; forming a secondopening in the dielectric layer using a second photo resist patterningprocess; and extending the first opening and the second opening in anetching process.
 10. A method of forming a device, comprising: formingan etch stop layer over a first conductive feature; forming a dielectriclayer over the etch stop layer; forming an opening in the dielectriclayer and the etch stop layer, a bottom surface of the opening beingdisposed between a top surface and a bottom surface of the etch stoplayer; etching through the etch stop layer to extend the opening andexpose the first conductive feature, the first conductive feature beingexposed in a vacuum environment; and forming a second conductive featurein the opening.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the etchstop layer comprises a bottom layer and an upper layer, the bottomsurface of the opening being disposed in the bottom layer of the etchstop layer after the opening is formed.
 12. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the bottom layer comprises aluminum nitride.
 13. Themethod according to claim 10, wherein forming the second conductivefeature comprises: forming a barrier layer in the vacuum environment;forming a seed layer over the barrier layer in the vacuum environment;forming conductive material over the seed layer; and planarizing a topsurface of the conductive material.
 14. The method according to claim10, wherein after the forming of the opening in the dielectric layer, adistance from the bottom surface of the opening and the bottom surfaceof the etch stop layer is in a range of about 0.1 Å to about 5 Å. 15.The method according to claim 10, wherein the opening comprises athicker portion and a thinner portion in a plan view, and wherein thethinner portion extends in the etch stop layer.
 16. The method accordingto claim 10, wherein the first conductive feature comprises copper. 17.A method of forming a device, comprising: forming a first etch stoplayer over a first conductive feature; forming a second etch stop layerover the first etch stop layer; forming a dielectric layer over thesecond etch stop layer; forming an opening in the dielectric layer andthe second etch stop layer; partially etching the first etch stop layerto extend the opening, wherein after the partial etching of the firstetch stop layer a portion of the first etch stop layer covers the firstconductive feature underlying the opening; creating a vacuum environmentin the opening; and etching through the portion of the first etch stoplayer to extend the opening an expose the first conductive featurethrough the opening.
 18. The method according to claim 17, furthercomprising: forming a barrier layer in the opening, wherein a processgas that is used to etch through the portion of the first etch stoplayer is introduced to the opening concurrently with a precursor that isused to form the barrier layer.
 19. The method according to claim 18,further comprising: forming a seed layer over the barrier layer;performing a plasma argon treatment on the seed layer; removing thevacuum environment from the opening; and performing an electroplatingprocess to form conductive material over the seed layer.
 20. The methodaccording to claim 17, wherein the portion of the first etch stop layerhas a thickness in a range of about 0.1 Å to about 5 Å.